Medroxyprogesterone acetate reduces the in vitro production of cytokines and serotonin involved in anorexia/cachexia and emesis by peripheral blood mononuclear cells of cancer patients

References

1. • Sala G
   • Camerino B
   • Cavallero C
   Progestational activity of 6-alpha-methyl 17-alpha-hydroxy progesterone acetate.
   Acta Endocrinol. 1958; 29: 308-315
   • Google Scholar
2. • Fung MF
   • Krepart GV
   • Lotocki RJ
   • Heywood M
   Treatment of recurrent and metastatic adenocarcinoma of the endometrium with cisplatin, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide and medroxyprogesterone acetate.
   Obstet Gynecol. 1991; 78: 1033-1038
   • Google Scholar
3. • Downer S
   • Joel S
   • Allbright A
   • et al.
   A double blind placebo-controlled trial of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) in cancer cachexia.
   Br J Cancer. 1993; 67: 1102-1105
   • Google Scholar
4. • Tisdale MJ
   Cancer cachexia.
   Br J Cancer. 1991; 63: 337-342
   • Google Scholar
5. • Vigano A
   • Watanabe S
   • Bruera E
   Anorexia and cachexia in advanced cancer patients.
   Cancer Surv. 1994; 21: 99-115
   • Google Scholar
6. • Willemse PHB
   • Van der Ploeg E
   • Slijfer DTK
   • Tjabbes T
   • Van Veelen H
   A randomized comparison of megestrol acetate and medroxyprogesterone acetate in patients with advanced breast cancer.
   Eur J Cancer. 1990; 26: 337-343
   • Google Scholar
7. • Suzuki K
   • Nogimura H
   • Wada H
   • et al.
   Effect of short-term administration of medroxyprogesterone acetate on side reactions of combination chemotherapy with ADR, VDS, and CDDP in primary lung cancer.
   Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1991; 18: 431-435
   • Google Scholar
8. • Tominaga T
   • Abe O
   • Ohshima A
   • et al.
   Comparison of chemotherapy with or without medroxyprogesterone acetate for advanced or recurrent breast cancer.
   Eur J Cancer. 1994; 30A: 959-964
   • Google Scholar
9. • McNamara MJ
   • Alexander HR
   • Norton JA
   Cytokines and their role in the pathophysiology of cancer cachexia.
   J Parent Enter Nutr. 1992; 16 (Suppl.): 50S-55S
   • Google Scholar
10. • Mantovani G
    • Maccio A
    • Esu S
    • et al.
    Lack of correlation between defective cell-mediated immunity and levels of secreted or circulating cytokines in a study of 90 cancer patients.
    Int J Oncol. 1994; 5: 1211-1217
    • Google Scholar
11. • Mantovani G
    • Macciò A
    • Versace R
    • et al.
    Tumor-associated lymphocytes (TAL) are competent to produce higher levels of cytokines in neoplastic pleural and peritoneal effusions than those found in sera and are able to release into culture higher levels of IL-2 and IL-6 than those released by PBMC.
    J Mol Med. 1995; 73: 409-416
    • Google Scholar
12. • Moldawer LL
    • Anderson C
    • Gelin J
    Regulation of food intake and hepatic protein synthesis by recombinant derived cytokines.
    Am J Physiol. 1988; 254: 6450-6456
    • Google Scholar
13. • Emilie D
    • Wijdenes J
    • Gisselbrecht C
    Administration of an anti-interleukin-6 monoclonal antibody to patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and lymphoma: effect on lymphoma growth and B clinical symptoms.
    Blood. 1994; 84: 2472-2479
    • Google Scholar
14. • Strassmann G
    • Kambayashi T
    Inhibition of experimental cancer cachexia by anti-cytokine and anti-cytokine-receptor therapy.
    Cytokine Mol Ther. 1995; 1: 107-113
    • Google Scholar
15. • Finocchiaro LME
    • Artz ES
    • Fernandez Castelo S
    • Criscuolo M
    • Finkielman S
    • Nahmod VE
    Serotonin and melatonin synthesis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells: stimulation by interferon γ as part of an immunomodulatory activity.
    J Interferon Res. 1988; 8: 705-716
    • Google Scholar
16. • Du Bois A
    • Kriesinger-Schroeder H
    • Meertohl HG
    The role of serotonin as a mediator of emesis induced by different stimuli.
    Support Care Cancer. 1995; 3: 285-290
    • Google Scholar
17. • Aune TM
    • McGrath KM
    • Sarr T
    • Bombara MP
    • Kelley KA
    Expression of 5HT_1A receptors on activated human T cells.
    J Immunol. 1993; 151: 1175-1183
    • Google Scholar
18. • Scambia G
    • Benedetti Panici PL
    • Macciò A
    • et al.
    Effects of antiestrogen and progestin on immune function in breast cancer patients.
    Cancer. 1988; 61: 2214-2218
    • Google Scholar
19. • Blossey HC
    • Bartsch HH
    • Kanne D
    The pharmacokinetics of high-dose medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) in the therapy of advanced breast cancer.
    Cancer Chemother Pharm. 1982; 8: 77-81
    • Google Scholar
20. • Robustelli Della Cuna G
    Medrossiprogesterone acetato ad alte dosi: concetti generali.
    in: Medrossiprogesterone acetato. Guida all'impiego terapeutico in oncologia. 1988: 35-64 (Milan, Farmitalia)
    • Google Scholar
21. • Camaggi CM
    • Strocchi E
    • Giovannini M
    • et al.
    Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) plasma levels after multiple high dose administration in advanced cancer patients.
    Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1983; 11: 19-22
    • Google Scholar
22. • Pannuti F
    • Camaggi CM
    • Strocchi E
    • Zamagni C
    • Melotti B
    • Piana E
    High-dose MPA in oncology: analysis of negative and positive side effects in relation to bioavailability.
    Adv Clin Oncol. 1990; 2: 73-86
    • Google Scholar
23. • Mantovani G
    • Macciò A
    • Bianchi A
    • et al.
    Megestrol acetate in neoplastic anorexia/cachexia: clinical evaluation and comparison with cytokine levels in patients with head and neck carcinoma treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
    Int J Clin Lab Res. 1995; 25: 135-141
    • Google Scholar
24. • Eiziric DL
    • Bendtzen K
    • Sandler S
    Short exposure of rat pancreatic islets to interleukin 1 beta induces a sustained but reversible impairment in β-cell function: influence of protease activation, gene transcription and protein synthesis.
    Endocrinology. 1991; 128: 1611-1616
    • Google Scholar
25. • Vehara A
    • Sekiya C
    • Takasugi Y
    • Namiki M
    • Azimura A
    Anorexia induced by interleukin 1, involvement of corticotrophin-releasing factor.
    Am J Physiol. 1989; 257: R613-R617
    • Google Scholar
26. • Van Snick J
    Interleukin-6: an overview.
    Annu Rev Immunol. 1990; 8: 253-278
    • Google Scholar
27. • Strassmann G
    • Fong M
    • Kenney JS
    Evidence for the involvement of interleukin-6 in experimental cancer cachexia.
    J Clin Invest. 1992; 89: 1681-1684
    • Google Scholar
28. • Strassmann G
    • Fong M
    • Windsor S
    The role of inteleukin-6 in lipopolysaccharide-induced weight loss, hypoglycemia and fibrinogen production in vivo.
    Cytokine. 1993; 5: 285-290
    • Google Scholar
29. • Beutler B
    • Mahoney J
    • Letrang N
    Purification of cachectin, a lipoprotein lipase suppressing hormone from endotoxininduced RAW 2647 cells.
    J Exp Med. 1985; 161: 984-994
    • Google Scholar
30. • Feingold KR
    • Grunfeld C
    Tumor necrosis factor alpha stimulates hepatic lipogenesis in the rat in vivo.
    J Clin Invest. 1987; 80: 184-187
    • Google Scholar
31. • Costelli P
    • Carbo N
    • Tessitori L
    TNFα mediates changes in tissue protein turnover in a rat cancer cachexia model.
    J Clin Invest. 1993; 92: 2783-2789
    • Google Scholar
32. • Vlassara H
    • Speigel RJ
    • Doval DS
    • Cerami A
    Reduced plasma protein lipase activity in patients with malignancy-associated weight loss.
    Horm Metab Res. 1986; 18: 698-703
    • Google Scholar
33. • Oliff A
    • Defeo-Jones D
    • Boyer M
    • et al.
    Tumors secreting human TNF/cachectin induce cachexia in mice.
    Cell. 1987; 50: 555-563
    • Google Scholar
34. • Oliff A
    The role of tumor necrosis factor (cachectin) in cachexia.
    Cell. 1988; 54: 141-142
    • Google Scholar
35. • Saarinen UM
    • Koskelo EK
    • Teppo AM
    • Siimens MA
    Tumor necrosis factor in children with malignancies.
    Cancer Res. 1990; 50: 592-595
    • Google Scholar
36. • Sherry BA
    • Gelin J
    • Fong Y
    • et al.
    Anticachectin tumor necrosis factor-alpha antibodies attenuate development of cachexia in tumor models.
    FASEB J. 1989; 3: 1956-1962
    • Google Scholar
37. • Beck SA
    • Tisdale MJ
    Effect of megestrol acetate on weight loss induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha and a cachexia-inducing tumour MAC 16 in NMRI mice.
    Br J Cancer. 1990; 62: 420-424
    • Google Scholar
38. • Terada K
    • Suthum PA
    • Katsura K
    • Hokama Y
    The effect of megestrol acetate on interleukin-1 activity.
    Gynecol Oncol. 1991; 43: 260-261
    • Google Scholar
39. • Aune TM
    • Golden HW
    • McGrath KM
    Inhibitors of serotonin synthesis and antagonists of serotonin 1A receptors inhibit T lymphocyte function in vitro and cell-mediated immunity in vivo.
    J Immunol. 1994; 153: 489-498
    • Google Scholar
40. • Mantovani G
    • Macciò A
    • Bianchi A
    • et al.
    Comparison of granisetron, ondansetron, and tropisetron in the prophylaxis of acute nausea and vomiting induced by cisplatin for the treatment of head and neck cancer: a randomized controlled trial.
    Cancer. 1996; 77: 941-948
    • Google Scholar
41. • Storey P
    Symptoms control in advanced cancer.
    in: 1st edn. Semin Oncol. 21. 1994: 748-753
    • Google Scholar