Highlights
- •Clinical diagnosis of cSCC is confirmed by histology.
- •Ιnvasive cSCC is classified as high-risk or low risk for recurrence or metastasis.
- •Risk classification is based on tumour- and patient-related risk characteristics.
- •Staging systems of cSCC are based on TNM classification and require refinement.
Abstract
Invasive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is one of the most common cancers
in the white populations, accounting for 20% of all cutaneous malignancies. Factors
implicated in cSCC etiopathogenesis include ultraviolet radiation exposure and chronic
photoaging, age, male sex, immunosuppression, smoking and genetic factors. A collaboration
of multidisciplinary experts from the European Dermatology Forum (EDF), the European
Association of Dermato-Oncology (EADO) and the European Organisation of Research and
Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) was formed to update recommendations on cSCC classification,
diagnosis, risk stratification, staging and prevention, based on current literature,
staging systems and expert consensus. Common cSCCs are typically indolent tumors,
and most have a good prognosis with 5-year cure rates of greater than 90%, and a low
rate of metastases (<4%). Further risk stratification into low-risk or high-risk common
primary cSCC is recommended based on proposed high-risk factors. Advanced cSCC is
classified as locally advanced (lacSCC), and metastatic (mcSCC) including locoregional
metastatic or distant metastatic cSCC. Current systems used for staging include the
American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 8th edition, the Union for International
Cancer Control (UICC) 8th edition, and Brigham and Women’s Hospital (BWH) system.
Physical examination for all cSCCs should include total body skin examination and
clinical palpation of lymph nodes, especially of the draining basins. Radiologic imaging
such as ultrasound of the regional lymph nodes, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),
computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography–computed tomography (PET-CT)
scans are recommended for staging of high-risk cSCC. Sentinel lymph node biopsy is
currently not recommended. Nicotinamide, oral retinoids, and topical 5-FU have been
used for the chemoprevention of subsequent cSCCs in high-risk patients but are not
routinely recommended. Education about sun protection measures including reducing
sun exposure, use of protective clothing, regular use of sunscreens and avoidance of artificial
tanning, is recommended.
Keywords
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to European Journal of CancerAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- Diagnosis and treatment of invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: European consensus-based interdisciplinary guideline.Eur J Cancer. 2015; 51: 1989-2007
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. squamous cell skin cancer. version 2.2019-October 23, 2018 ed. Available at NCCN.org.
- Guidelines of care for the management of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018; 78: 560-578
- Non-melanoma skin cancer: United Kingdom National Multidisciplinary Guidelines.J Laryngol Otol. 2016; 130: S125-S132
- AGREE II: advancing guideline development, reporting and evaluation in health care.CMAJ. 2010; 182: E839-E842
Howick J, Chalmers I, Glasziou P, Greenhalgh T, Heneghan C, Liberati A, et al. In: Group OLoEW, editor. the oxford levels of evidence 2: Oxford Center for Evifdence-Based Medicine. https://www.cebm.net/index.aspx?o=5653. Access Date: 23 April 2019.
- Keratinocyte carcinomas: current concepts and future research priorities.Clin Canc Res: An Off J Am Assoc Canc Res. 2019; 25: 2379-2391
- Cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas are associated with basal proliferating actinic keratoses.Br J Dermatol. 2019; 180: 916-921
- Actinic keratosis with atypical basal cells (AK I) is the most common lesion associated with invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the skin.J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015; 29: 991-997
- FDA. Libtayo (cemiplimab-rwlc) full prescribing information.(Available at:)https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/761097s000lbl.pdfDate accessed: July 15, 2019
- Libtayo. Summary of product characteristics.(Available at:)https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/product-information/libtayo-epar-product-information_en.pdfDate accessed: July 17, 2019
- PD-1 blockade with cemiplimab in advanced cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma.N Engl J Med. 2018; 379: 341-351
- TNM Classification of malignant umours.Eighth edition. WILEY Blackwell, Oxford2017
- AJCC cancer staging manual. Eighth Edition. Springer, Switzerland2017
- Risk factors for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma recurrence, metastasis, and disease-specific death: a systematic review and meta-analysis.JAMA Dermatol. 2016; 152: 419-428
- Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: Incidence, risk factors, diagnosis, and staging.J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018; 78: 237-247
- Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: an epidemiological review.Br J Dermatol. 2017; 177: 373-381
- Cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma.N Engl J Med. 2001; 344: 975-983
- A systematic review of worldwide incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancer.Br J Dermatol. 2012; 166: 1069-1080
- Predicted cases of U.K. skin squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma in 2020 and 2025: horizon planning for National Health Service dermatology and dermatopathology.Br J Dermatol. 2017; 176: 1351-1353
- The emerging epidemic of melanoma and squamous cell skin cancer.JAMA. 1989; 262: 2097-2100
- Trends in the population-based incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin first diagnosed between 1984 and 1992.Arch Dermatol. 1997; 133: 735-740
- The incidence and multiplicity rates of keratinocyte cancers in Australia.Med J Aust. 2017; 207: 339-343
- Increasing skin cancer incidence in young, affluent, urban populations: a challenge for prevention.Br J Dermatol. 2014; 171: 324-331
- Nationwide incidence of metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in England.JAMA Dermatol. 2019; 155: 298-306
- Epidemiology of basal and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in the U.K. 2013-15: a cohort study.Br J Dermatol. 2019; 181: 474-482
- Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in Norway 1963-2011: increasing incidence and stable mortality.Cancer Med. 2015; 4: 472-480
- Incidence rate of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is rapidly increasing in Akita Prefecture: Urgent alert for super-aged society.J Dermatol. 2019; 46: 259-262
- Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: estimated incidence of disease, nodal metastasis, and deaths from disease in the United States, 2012.J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013; 68: 957-966
- Incidence and trends of basal cell carcinoma and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: a population-based study in olmsted county, minnesota, 2000 to 2010.Mayo Clin Proc. 2017; 92: 890-898
- Non-melanoma skin cancer mortality rising in susceptible Australians.J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2017; 31: e286-e287
- Incidence of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in coastal and inland areas of Western Sweden.Canc Epidemiol. 2011; 35: e69-e74
- Press for an underestimated nemesis.JAMA Dermatol. 2013; 149: 1147-1148
- The incidence of metastasis from cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and the impact of its risk factors.J Surg Oncol. 2012; 106: 811-815
- Factors predictive of recurrence and death from cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: a 10-year, single-institution cohort study.JAMA Dermatol. 2013; 149: 541-547
- Analysis of risk factors determining prognosis of cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma: a prospective study.Lancet Oncol. 2008; 9: 713-720
- Low incidence of metastasis and recurrence from cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma found in a UK population: Do we need to adjust our thinking on this rare but potentially fatal event?.J Surg Oncol. 2017; 116: 783-788
- Major prognostic factors for recurrence and survival independent of the American Joint Committee on Cancer eighth edition staging system in patients with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma treated with multimodality therapy.Head Neck. 2018; 40: 1406-1414
- A multi-institutional comparison of outcomes of immunosuppressed and immunocompetent patients treated with surgery and radiation therapy for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.Cancer. 2017; 123: 2054-2060
- Cancer of the head and neck region in solid organ transplant recipients.Head Neck. 2014; 36: 181-186
- Immunocompromised patients with metastatic cutaneous nodal squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: Poor outcome unrelated to the index lesion.Head Neck. 2018; 40: 985-992
- Trends of skin cancer mortality after transplantation in the United States: 1987 to 2013.J Am Acad Dermatol. 2016; 75: 106-112
- Increased metastasis and mortality from cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005; 53: 1067-1071
- Association of advanced leukemic stage and skin cancer tumor stage with poor skin cancer outcomes in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.JAMA Dermatol. 2014; 150: 280-287
- Increased incidence and recurrence rates of nonmelanoma skin cancer in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a Rochester Epidemiology Project population-based study in Minnesota.J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015; 72: 302-309
- Survival of patients with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: results of a prospective cohort study.J Invest Dermatol. 2017; 137: 2309-2315
- Prevalence of skin cancer examination among users of indoor tanning beds.JAMA Dermatol. 2018; 154: 840-842
- Association between beta-Genus human papillomavirus and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in immunocompetent individuals-A meta-analysis.JAMA Dermatol. 2016; 152: 1354-1364
- The detection rate of human papillomavirus in well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma and keratoacanthoma: is there new evidence for a viral pathogenesis of keratoacanthoma?.Br J Dermatol. 2019; 181: 1309-1311
- Heterogeneous relationships of squamous and basal cell carcinomas of the skin with smoking: the UK Million Women Study and meta-analysis of prospective studies.Br J Canc. 2018; 119: 114-120
- Cigarette smoking and the risks of basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.J Invest Dermatol. 2017; 137: 1700-1708
- Squamous cell cancers: a unified perspective on biology and genetics.Canc cell. 2016; 29: 622-637
- Malignant transformation of solar keratoses to squamous cell carcinoma.Lancet (London, England). 1988; 1: 795-797
- The natural history of actinic keratosis: a systematic review.Br J Dermatol. 2013; 169: 502-518
- Organ transplantation and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: progress, pitfalls and priorities in immunosuppression-associated keratinocyte carcinoma.Br J Dermatol. 2017; 177: 1150-1151
- Incidence of and risk factors for skin cancer in organ transplant recipients in the United States.JAMA Dermatol. 2017; 153: 296-303
- Risk of skin cancer in patients with HIV: A Danish nationwide cohort study.J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018; 79: 689-695
- Reduced-intensity conditioning regimens, prior chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and graft-versus-host disease are associated with higher rates of skin cancer after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.J Invest Dermatol. 2019; 139: 591-599
- Skin cancer risk in hematopoietic stem-cell transplant recipients compared with background population and renal transplant recipients: a population-based cohort study.JAMA Dermatol. 2016; 152: 177-183
- Association of multiple primary skin cancers with human immunodeficiency virus infection, CD4 Count, and viral load.JAMA Dermatol. 2017; 153: 892-896
- Incidence and relative risk of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma with single-agent BRAF inhibitor and dual BRAF/MEK inhibitors in cancer patients: a meta-analysis.Oncotarget. 2017; 8: 83280-83291
- Kinase-dead BRAF and oncogenic RAS cooperate to drive tumor progression through CRAF.Cell. 2010; 140: 209-221
- RAF inhibitors transactivate RAF dimers and ERK signalling in cells with wild-type BRAF.Nature. 2010; 464: 427-430
- RAS mutations in cutaneous squamous-cell carcinomas in patients treated with BRAF inhibitors.N Engl J Med. 2012; 366: 207-215
- Increased risk of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma after vismodegib therapy for basal cell carcinoma.JAMA Dermatol. 2016; 152: 527-532
- Hedgehog pathway inhibitor therapy for locally advanced and metastatic basal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and pooled analysis of interventional studies.JAMA Dermatol. 2016; 152: 816-824
- Photosensitizing antihypertensive drug use and risk of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.Br J Dermatol. 2018; 179: 1088-1094
- Hydrochlorothiazide use and risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer: A nationwide case-control study from Denmark.J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018; 78: 673-681 e9
- Anti-hypertensive drugs and skin cancer risk: A review of the literature and meta-analysis.Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2018; 122: 1-9
- Use of antihypertensive drugs and risk of keratinocyte carcinoma: A meta-analysis of observational studies.Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2018; 27: 279-288
- NOTCH1 mutations occur early during cutaneous squamous cell carcinogenesis.J Invest Dermatol. 2014; 134: 2630-2638
- The genomic landscape of cutaneous SCC reveals drivers and a novel azathioprine associated mutational signature.Nat Commun. 2018; 9: 3667
- Cross-species identification of genomic drivers of squamous cell carcinoma development across preneoplastic intermediates.Nat Commun. 2016; 7: 12601
- Signatures of mutational processes in human cancer.Nature. 2013; 500: 415-421
- Inactivation of TGFbeta receptors in stem cells drives cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.Nat Commun. 2016; 7: 12493
- Evaluation of 122 advanced-stage cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas by comprehensive genomic profiling opens the door for new routes to targeted therapies.Cancer. 2016; 122: 249-257
- APOBEC mutation drives early-onset squamous cell carcinomas in recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa.Sci Transl Med. 2018; 10
- Genome-wide association study identifies novel susceptibility loci for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.Nat commun. 2016; 7: 12048
- Susceptibility loci-associated cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma invasiveness.J Invest Dermatol. 2018; 138: 557-561
- Gene expression imputation identifies candidate genes and susceptibility loci associated with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.Nat Commun. 2018; 9: 4264
- Quantifying the polygenic contribution to cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma risk.J Invest Dermatol. 2018; 138: 1507-1510
- Cutaneous squamous cell cancer (cSCC) risk and the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system.Human Immunol. 2017; 78: 327-335
- PD-L1, B7-H3, and PD-1 expression in immunocompetent vs. immunosuppressed patients with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.Canc Immunol Immunother. 2018; 67: 805-814
- The pattern and clinicopathological correlates of programmed death-ligand 1 expression in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.Br J Dermatol. 2017; 176: 1354-1356
- PD-L1 expression is increased in metastasizing squamous cell carcinomas and their metastases.Am J Dermatopathol. 2018; 40: 647-654
- Squamous cell carcinoma.in: Elder D.M. Scolyer D. R.A. Willemze R. WHO classification of skin tumors. 4th ed. International Agency ofr Research on Cancer (IARC), France2018: 35-44
- Keratoacanthoma clinical behavior: a systematic review.Am J Dermatopathol. 2014; 36: 422-429
- Dermoscopy of squamous cell carcinoma and keratoacanthoma.Arch Dermatol. 2012; 148: 1386-1392
- The clinical and dermoscopic features of invasive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma depend on the histopathological grade of differentiation.Br J Dermatol. 2015; 172: 1308-1315
- Dermatoscopy of facial actinic keratosis, intraepidermal carcinoma, and invasive squamous cell carcinoma: a progression model.J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012; 66: 589-597
- Reflectance confocal microscopy criteria for squamous cell carcinomas and actinic keratoses.Arch Dermatol. 2009; 145: 766-772
- Dermoscopic and reflectance confocal microscopy features of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2017; 31: 1828-1833
- Reflectance confocal microscopy for diagnosing keratinocyte skin cancers in adults.Cochrane Database of Syst Rev. 2018; 12: CD013191
- High-definition optical coherence tomography algorithm for the discrimination of actinic keratosis from normal skin and from squamous cell carcinoma.J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015; 29: 1606-1615
- In vivo microvascular imaging of cutaneous actinic keratosis, Bowen's disease and squamous cell carcinoma using dynamic optical coherence tomography.J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2017; 31: 1655-1662
- Optical coherence tomography for diagnosing skin cancer in adults.Cochrane Database of Syst Rev. 2018; 12: CD013189
- Cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas in solid organ transplant recipients compared with immunocompetent patients.JAMA Dermatol. 2018; 154: 60-66
- Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: epidemiology, classification, management, and novel trends.Int J Dermatol. 2015; 54: 130-140
- Ber EP4 and epithelial membrane antigen aid distinction of basal cell, squamous cell and basosquamous carcinomas of the skin.Histopathology. 2000; 37: 218-223
- Desmoplastic squamous cell carcinoma of skin and vermilion surface: a highly malignant subtype of skin cancer.Cancer. 1997; 79: 915-919
- Outcomes of primary cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma with perineural invasion: an 11-year cohort study.JAMA Dermatol. 2013; 149: 35-41
- Advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: A retrospective analysis of patient profiles and treatment patterns-Results of a non-interventional study of the DeCOG.Eur J Cancer. 2018; 96: 34-43
- Histopathological characteristics of metastasizing squamous cell carcinoma of the skin and lips.Histopathology. 2006; 49: 256-264
- Clinical outcomes in high-risk squamous cell carcinoma patients treated with Mohs micrographic surgery alone.J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019; 80: 633-638
- Prognostic factors for metastasis in squamous cell carcinoma of the skin.Dermatol Surg. 2002; 28: 268-273
- Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin--histopathological features and their significance for the clinical outcome.J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 1998; 11: 37-44
- Clinical and incidental perineural invasion of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: A systematic review and pooled analysis of outcomes data.JAMA Dermatol. 2017; 153: 781-788
- Evaluation of AJCC tumor staging for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and a proposed alternative tumor staging system.JAMA Dermatol. 2013; 149: 402-410
- Comparison and evaluation of the current staging of cutaneous carcinomas.Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft = J German Soc Dermatol : JDDG. 2012; 10: 579-586
- Comparison of tumor classifications for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck in the 7th vs 8th edition of the AJCC cancer staging manual.JAMA Dermatol. 2018; 154: 175-181
- A critical analysis of the prognostic performance of the 8th edition American Joint Committee on cancer staging for metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.Head Neck. 2019; 41: 1591-1596
- Predictive value of the 8th edition American Joint Commission Cancer (AJCC) nodal staging system for patients with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.J Surg Oncol. 2018; 117: 765-772
- Analysis and comparison of the 8th edition American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) nodal staging system in cutaneous and oral squamous cell cancer of the head and neck.Ann Surg Oncol. 2018; 25: 1730-1736
- Evaluation of American Joint Committee on Cancer, international union against cancer, and brigham and women's hospital tumor staging for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.J Clin Oncol. 2014; 32: 327-334
- Validating 4 staging systems for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma using population-based data: A nested case-control study.JAMA Dermatol. 2018; 154: 428-434
- Staging systems to predict metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: unsatisfactory for clinical use, but some less so?.JAMA Dermatol. 2018; 154: 1391-1392
- Performance of the American Joint Committee on cancer staging manual, 8th edition vs the brigham and women’s hospital tumor classification system for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.JAMA Dermatol. 2019; 155: 819-825
- Comparison of tumor staging systems for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019; 80: 639-645
- Nodal staging of high-risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019; 81: 548-557
- Management of regional metastatic disease in head and neck cutaneous malignancy. 1. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014; 52: 294-300
- The positive impact of radiologic imaging on high-stage cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma management.J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017; 76: 217-225
- Detection of lymph node metastases in head and neck cancer: a meta-analysis comparing US, USgFNAC, CT and MR imaging.Eur J Radiol. 2007; 64: 266-272
- Routine computerized tomography scanning, groin ultrasound with or without fine needle aspiration cytology in the surgical management of primary squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva.Int J Gynecol Canc. 2006; 16: 312-317
- The role of imaging in the management of patients with nonmelanoma skin cancer: When is imaging necessary?.J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017; 76: 591-607
- Perineural spread of cutaneous squamous and basal cell carcinoma: CT and MR detection and its impact on patient management and prognosis.Int J Radiat Oncol, Biol, Phys. 2001; 49: 1061-1069
- The role of imaging in the management of patients with nonmelanoma skin cancer: Diagnostic modalities and applications.J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017; 76: 579-588
- Outcomes after surgery and postoperative radiotherapy for perineural spread of head and neck cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.Head Neck. 2016; 38: 824-831
- Detecting and defining the anatomic extent of large nerve perineural spread of malignancy: comparing "targeted" MRI with the histologic findings following surgery.Head Neck. 2011; 33: 469-475
- Surgical resection for clinical perineural invasion from cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.Head Neck. 2012; 34: 1622-1627
- High-risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and the emerging role of sentinel lymph node biopsy: A literature review.J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015; 73: 127-137
- Sentinel lymph node biopsy for high-risk nonmelanoma skin cancers.Dermatol Surg. 2007; 33 (discussion 92-3): 786-792
- Sentinel lymph node biopsy and risk factors for predicting metastasis in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.Br J Dermatol. 2015; 172: 1029-1036
- Prospective study of sentinel node biopsy for high-risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.Head Neck. 2016; 38: E884-E889
- Evaluation of sentinel node biopsy for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.J Dermatol. 2014; 41: 539-541
- Utility of sentinel lymphadenectomy in the management of patients with high-risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.Dermatol Surg. 2003; 29: 135-140
- Utility of sentinel node biopsy in patients with high-risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.Eur J Surg Oncol. 2015; 41: 197-200
- Staging for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma as a predictor of sentinel lymph node biopsy results: meta-analysis of American Joint Committee on Cancer criteria and a proposed alternative system.JAMA Dermatol. 2014; 150: 19-24
- Sentinel lymph node biopsy in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review of the English literature.Dermatol Surg. 2006; 32: 1309-1321
- Sentinel lymph node biopsy for high risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: case series and review of the literature.Eur J Surg Oncol. 2007; 33: 364-369
- Systematic review of the prevalence of nodal metastases and the prognostic utility of sentinel lymph node biopsy in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.J Dermatol. 2018; 45: 781-790
- Sentinel lymph node biopsy in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma series of 37 cases and systematic review of the literature.Acta Derm Venereol. 2018; 98: 671-676
- Interventions to prevent skin cancer by reducing exposure to ultraviolet radiation: A systematic review.Am J Prev Med. 2004; 27: 422-466
- Evaluation of a multicomponent appearance-based sun-protective intervention for young women: uncovering the mechanisms of program efficacy.Health Psychol. 2006; 25: 34-46
- Health system costs of skin cancer and cost-effectiveness of skin cancer prevention and screening: a systematic review.Eur J Cancer Prev. 2015; 24: 141-149
- Behavioral counseling for skin cancer prevention: evidence report and systematic review for the US preventive services task force.JAMA. 2018; 319: 1143-1157
- Community-wide interventions to prevent skin cancer: Two community guide systematic reviews.Am J Prev Med. 2016; 51: 531-539
- Randomized trial of tailored skin cancer prevention for children: the project SCAPE family study.J Health Commun. 2013; 18: 1368-1383
- Can skin cancer prevention and early detection be improved via mobile phone text messaging? A randomised, attention control trial.Prev Med. 2015; 71: 50-56
- Daily sunscreen application and betacarotene supplementation in prevention of basal-cell and squamous-cell carcinomas of the skin: a randomised controlled trial.Lancet (London, England). 1999; 354: 723-729
- Prolonged prevention of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin by regular sunscreen use.Canc Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006; 15: 2546-2548
- Use of sunscreen and risk of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Eur J Dermatol. 2018; 28: 186-201
- New developments in occupational dermatology.Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft = J German Soc Dermatol: JDDG. 2016; 14: 875-889
- ICNIRP statement--Protection of workers against ultraviolet radiation.Health Phys. 2010; 99: 66-87
- Cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas in solid organ transplant recipients: emerging strategies for surveillance, staging, and treatment.Semin Oncol. 2016; 43: 390-394
- A surveillance model for skin cancer in organ transplant recipients: a 22-year prospective study in an ethnically diverse population.Am J Transpl: Off J Am Soc Transpl Am Soc Transpl Surg. 2013; 13: 119-129
- A randomized intervention study of sun protection promotion in well-child care.Prev Med. 2006; 42: 162-170
- The sun sense study: an intervention to improve sun protection in children.Am J Health Behav. 2010; 34: 500-510
- A randomized trial of a multicomponent intervention for adolescent sun protection behaviors.Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007; 161: 146-152
- Slip! Slop! Slap! and SunSmart, 1980-2000: Skin cancer control and 20 years of population-based campaigning.Health Educ Behav. 2001; 28: 290-305
- Certification of sun protection practices in a German child day-care centre improves children’s sun protection--the ‘SunPass’ pilot study.Br J Dermatol. 2009; 161: 5-12
- Evaluation of ‘Sun-safe’: a health education resource for primary schools.Health Educ Res. 2001; 16: 623-633
- The Falmouth Safe Skin Project: evaluation of a community program to promote sun protection in youth.Health Educ Behav. 1999; 26: 369-384
- Topical and systemic modalities for chemoprevention of nonmelanoma skin cancer.Dermatol Clin. 2019; 37: 287-295
- Randomized controlled trial of acitretin versus placebo in patients at high-risk for basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma of the skin (North Central Cancer Treatment Group Study 969251).Cancer. 2012; 118: 2128-2137
- Oral retinoid use reduces cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma risk in patients with psoriasis treated with psoralen-UVA: a nested cohort study.J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003; 49: 644-650
- Systemic retinoids for the chemoprevention of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and verrucal keratosis in a cohort of patients on BRAF inhibitors.Br J Dermatol. 2013; 169: 1310-1313
- Low-dose retinoids in the prevention of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas in organ transplant recipients: a 16-year retrospective study.Arch Dermatol. 2005; 141: 456-464
- Oral retinoids for the prevention of skin cancers in solid organ transplant recipients: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.Br J Dermatol. 2005; 152: 518-523
- UV radiation-induced immunosuppression is greater in men and prevented by topical nicotinamide.J Invest Dermatol. 2008; 128: 447-454
- A phase 3 randomized trial of nicotinamide for skin-cancer chemoprevention.N Engl J Med. 2015; 373: 1618-1626
- A phase II randomized controlled trial of nicotinamide for skin cancer chemoprevention in renal transplant recipients.Br J Dermatol. 2016; 175: 1073-1075
- Reply to ‘A phase II randomized controlled trial of nicotinamide for skin cancer chemoprevention in renal transplant recipients’.Br J Dermatol. 2017; 176: 551-552
- Authors’ response to a reply to ‘A phase II randomized controlled trial of nicotinamide for skin cancer chemoprevention in renal transplant recipients’.Br J Dermatol. 2017; 176: 552-553
- Aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can prevent cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.J Invest Dermatol. 2015; 135: 975-983
- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer.Int J Cancer. 2015; 137: 144-153
- Aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and keratinocyte cancers: a large population-based cohort study of skin cancer in Australia.Br J Dermatol. 2019; 181: 749-760
- Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of nonmelanoma and melanoma skin cancer: post hoc analyses of the women’s health initiative randomized controlled trial.J Clin Oncol. 2011; 29: 3078-3084
- Chemoprevention of basal and squamous cell carcinoma with a single course of fluorouracil, 5%, cream: A randomized clinical trial.JAMA Dermatol. 2018; 154: 167-174
- Skin cancer precursor immunotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma prevention.JCI Insight. 2019; 4
- Tretinoin and the prevention of keratinocyte carcinoma (Basal and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin): a veterans affairs randomized chemoprevention trial.J Invest Dermatol. 2012; 132: 1583-1590
- Sirolimus use and risk of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs).J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015; 73: 444-450
- Randomized controlled trial of sirolimus for renal transplant recipients at high risk for nonmelanoma skin cancer.Am J Transplant. 2012; 12: 1146-1156
- Effect of sirolimus on malignancy and survival after kidney transplantation: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data.BMJ. 2014; 349: g6679
- Sirolimus for Secondary Prevention of Skin Cancer in Kidney Transplant Recipients: 5-Year Results.J Clin Oncol. 2018; 36: 2612-2620
- Research gaps in the management and prevention of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in organ transplant recipients.Br J Dermatol. 2017; 177: 1225-1233
- Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and precursor lesions.J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2011; 25: 1-51
Article info
Publication history
Published online: February 26, 2020
Accepted:
January 15,
2020
Received:
January 15,
2020
Identification
Copyright
© 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
